eleanor roosevelt net worth at death

When the extent of his disability became clear, Roosevelt fought a protracted battle with her mother-in-law over his future, persuading him to stay in politics despite Sara's urgings that he retire and become a country gentleman. [10] Other notable awards she received during her life postwar included the Award of Merit of the New York City Federation of Women's Clubs in 1948, the Four Freedoms Award in 1950, the Irving Geist Foundation Award in 1950, and the Prince Carl Medal (from Sweden) in 1950. ", A portion of a verbal presentation by Judith Nies on. [119], Roosevelt's chief project during her husband's first two terms was the establishment of a planned community in Arthurdale, West Virginia. An indefatigable traveler, Roosevelt circled the globe several times, visiting scores of countries and meeting with most of the worlds leaders. She instituted regular White House press conferences for women correspondents, and wire services that had not formerly employed women were forced to do so in order to have a representative present in case important news broke. The longest serving First Lady in US History and feminist icon who. Eleanor Roosevelt is a member of Richest Celebrities and Political Wifes. Eleanor Roosevelt (born October 11, 1884) is famous for being political wife. In hundreds of My Day and If You Ask Me columns, she addressed issues of faith, prayer and the Bible. In 1988, Eleanor Roosevelt College, one of six undergraduate residential colleges at the University of California, San Diego, was founded. She is from NY. Death and Legacy. The portrait hangs in the Vermeil Room. [40] Roosevelt's eldest son James remembered Sara telling her grandchildren, "Your mother only bore you, I am more your mother than your mother is. The President admonished them to condemn not merely the Nazi regime but all dictatorships. Eleanor Roosevelt is famous for serving as first lady during the presidency of her husband, Franklin D. Roosevelt (193345), for her advocacy on behalf of liberal causes, and for her leading role in drafting the UNs Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948). [159] She was interviewed by many newspapers; the New Orleans journalist Iris Kelso described Roosevelt as her most interesting interviewee ever. Sara Roosevelt was died on Sep 7, 1941 at age 86. Franklin encouraged his wife to develop this property as a place where she could implement some of her ideas for work with winter jobs for rural workers and women. The White House stated that this was merely a brainstorming exercise, and a private poll later indicated that most of the public believed these were indeed just imaginary conversations, with the remainder believing that communication with the dead was actually possible. [210] The UN posthumously awarded her one of its first Human Rights Prizes in 1968 in recognition of her work. Early on, Roosevelt had a breakdown in which she explained to Franklin that "I did not like to live in a house which was not in any way mine, one that I had done nothing about and which did not represent the way I wanted to live", but little changed. According to Wikipedia, Forbes, IMDb & Various Online resources, famous Political Wife Eleanor Roosevelt's net worth is $1-5 Million before She died. The longest serving First Lady in US History and feminist icon who was known for her humanitarian efforts. In 1998, President Bill Clinton established the Eleanor Roosevelt Award for Human Rights to honor outstanding American promoters of rights in the United States. [8] She had an unhappy childhood, having suffered the deaths of both parents and one of her brothers at a young age. Much of the book was based on notes by her mother, Maggie Rogers, a White House maid. In 1996, the children's book Eleanor by Barbara Cooney, about Eleanor Roosevelt's childhood, was published. It concluded that female equality was best achieved by recognition of gender differences and needs, and not by an Equal Rights Amendment. How much money is Eleanor Roosevelt worth at the age of 138 and whats her real net worth now? [211], In the 1940s, Roosevelt was among the first people to support the creation of a UN agency specialized in the issues of food and nutrition. But they are most unlikely to have had an 'affair'. According to her biographer Blanche Wiesen Cook, she became "the most controversial First Lady in United States history" in the process. : The Last Year. She was not the first first lady to broadcasther predecessor, Lou Henry Hoover, had done that already. In 1893, both of Eleanor's brothers got scarlet fever and four-year-old Elliot died. [249] The organization, based in New York City, states that it exists "to carry forward the legacy and values of Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt by developing progressive ideas and bold leadership in the service of restoring America's promise of opportunity for all."[250][251]. [254][255] At the invitation of the Roosevelts, he performed his impersonation of Eleanor at the White House. She grew up in a wealthy family that attached great value to community service. This proved a turning point in Eleanor and Sara's long-running struggle, and as Eleanor's public role grew, she increasingly broke from Sara's control. She also agreed at first that she would avoid discussing her views on pending congressional measures. Previous Year's Net Worth (2020) $100,000 - $1 Million. President Harry S. Truman later called her the First Lady of the World in tribute to her human rights achievements. In 1976, Talent Associates released the American television miniseries Eleanor and Franklin, starring Edward Herrmann as Franklin Roosevelt and Jane Alexander as Eleanor Roosevelt; it was broadcast on ABC on January 11 and 12, 1976 and was based on Joseph P. Lash's biography from 1971, Eleanor and Franklin, based on their correspondence and recently opened archives. One of those programs helped working women receive better wages. On May 10, 1940, Germany invaded Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands, marking the end of the relatively conflict-free "Phoney War" phase of World War II. For the most part she found these occasions tedious. Roosevelt did use her position as a trustee of the Julius Rosenwald Fund to arrange a loan of $175,000 to help finance the building of Moton Field. She continued to pen her newspaper column and made appearances on television and radio broadcasts. Following her husband's death in 1945, Roosevelt remained active in politics for the remaining 17 years of her life. [58] The letters included such endearments as, "I want to put my arms around you & kiss you at the corner of your mouth,"[59] and, "I can't kiss you, so I kiss your 'picture' good night and good morning! [18] Throughout the 1920s, Roosevelt became increasingly influential as a leader in the New York State Democratic Party while Franklin used her contacts among Democratic women to strengthen his standing with them, winning their committed support for the future. [132] However, the residents considered the town a "utopia" compared to their previous circumstances, and many were returned to economic self-sufficiency. Through her father, she was a niece of President Theodore Roosevelt. Eleanor Roosevelt was born on October 11, 1884. Roosevelt remained financially quasi-dependent on his mother for decades thereafter. She launched an experimental community at Arthurdale, West Virginia, for the families of unemployed miners, later widely regarded as a failure. Sara Roosevelt net worth or net income is estimated to be between $1 Million - $5 Million dollars. But their relationship had ceased to be an intimate one. Roosevelt's political activism did not end with her husband's death in 1945. Net Worth; Net Worth in 2021: between $1 Million - $5 Million: Annual Earnings: N/A: Assets: N/A . [72] Roosevelt also had a close relationship with New York State Police sergeant Earl Miller, who was assigned by the president to be her bodyguard. 248249. [64], There is considerable debate about whether or not Roosevelt had a sexual relationship with Hickok. Conservatives condemned it as socialist and a "communist plot", while Democratic members of Congress opposed government competition with private enterprise. [205] Roosevelt remained chairperson when the commission was established on a permanent basis in January 1947. $1 Million - $5 Million (Approx.) [66] Faber published some of Roosevelt and Hickok's correspondence in 1980, but concluded that the lovestruck phrasing was simply an "unusually belated schoolgirl crush"[68] and warned historians not to be misled. "[217], In 1949, she was made an honorary member of the historically black organization Alpha Kappa Alpha.[218][219]. After Franklin's death, she moved into an apartment at 29 Washington Square West in Greenwich Village. [5] Roosevelt served as United States Delegate to the United Nations General Assembly from 1945 to 1952, and in 1948 she was given a standing ovation by the assembly upon their adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. This was Roosevelt's last public position. [12] Periodic surveys conducted by the Siena College Research Institute have consistently seen historians assess Roosevelt as the greatest American first lady. In 1918 Eleanor discovered that Franklin had been having an affair with her social secretary, Lucy Mercer. [111] In additional questions included in the 2014 survey, Roosevelt was assessed by historians as having been the greatest among 20th and 21st century first ladies in regards to advancing women's issues, being a political asset, being a strong public communicator, public service performed after leaving office, and creating a lasting legacy. In one famous cartoon of the time from The New Yorker magazine (June 3, 1933), satirizing a visit she had made to a mine, an astonished coal miner, peering down a dark tunnel, says to a co-worker, "For gosh sakes, here comes Mrs. At age 15 Eleanor enrolled at Allenswood, a girls boarding school outside London, where she came under the influence of the French headmistress, Marie Souvestre. Also in 1941, the short film Women in Defense, written by Roosevelt, was released. She supported Adlai Stevenson for president in 1952 and 1956, and urged his renomination in 1960. [89], In 1927, she joined friends Marion Dickerman and Nancy Cook in buying the Todhunter School for Girls, a finishing school which also offered college preparatory courses, in New York City. [84] Cox was defeated by Republican Warren G. Harding, who won with 404 electoral votes to 127. [253], In the 1940s and 1950s, female impersonator Arthur Blake drew acclaim for his impersonations of Eleanor Roosevelt in his nightclub act. Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources Inc. 1999. pp. [231], After her death, her family deeded the family vacation home on Campobello Island to the governments of the U.S. and Canada, and in 1964 they created the 2,800-acre (1,100ha) Roosevelt Campobello International Park. At the time of her death, Eleanor Roosevelt was 78 years old. She did volunteer work for the New York Junior League and became fluent in French. "[194] Roosevelt learned of the high rate of absenteeism among working mothers, and she campaigned for government-sponsored day care. [122] Deeply affected by the visit, Roosevelt proposed a resettlement community for the miners at Arthurdale, where they could make a living by subsistence farming, handicrafts, and a local manufacturing plant. 379, 1945. Her prognosis was. [258] The Academy Film Archive preserved it in 2006. Scroll below and check our most recent updates about Eleanor Roosevelt Net Worth, Salary, Biography, Age, Career, Wiki. [130] Roosevelt personally considered the project a success, later speaking of the improvements she saw in people's lives there and stating, "I don't know whether you think that is worth half a million dollars. Questions and Answers Explanatory of the Federal Income Tax Laws with Respect to Members of the Armed Forces of the US in World War II, 1945, When a Nickel Was as Big as a Pie Plate," by M.D. [38], Returning to the U.S., the newlyweds settled in a New York City house that was provided by Franklin's mother, as well as in a second residence at the family's estate overlooking the Hudson River in Hyde Park, New York. Theodore Roosevelt is a President, zodiac sign: Scorpio. Eleanor Butler Roosevelt Wikipedia "[116] In 1939 the Dies Committee subpoenaed leaders of the AYC, who, in addition to serving the AYC, also were members of the Young Communist League. [56], Roosevelt also had a close relationship with Associated Press (AP) reporter Lorena Hickok (18931968), who covered her during the last months of the presidential campaign and "fell madly in love with her". Sponsored by a typewriter company, Roosevelt once again donated the money, giving it to the American Friends Service Committee, to help with a school it operated. [172] On that first show, she talked about the effect of movies on children, the need for a censor who could make sure movies did not glorify crime and violence, and her opinion about the recent All-Star baseball game. [252] Eleanor Roosevelt High School in Eastvale, California, opened in 2006. $10 and $20 Boston Clearing House certificates. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. [212], The Campaign was created to mobilize non-governmental organizations against hunger and malnutrition in the world and help find solutions. [164] She continued her articles in other venues, publishing more than sixty articles in national magazines during her tenure as first lady. It issued a statement that "any plans to resurrect the economic and political power of Germany" would be dangerous to international security. She was close to her grandmother throughout her life. [198] In 1947 she attended the National Conference on the German Problem in New York, which she had helped organize. 'If You Ask Me' Revisits Roosevelt's Advice Columns", "Mrs. Roosevelt Goes for a Ride Red Tail Squadron", "The Campaign to Sell a Harsh Peace for Germany to the American Public, 19441948", "Mrs. Roosevelt Sees U.S. Anna Eleanor Roosevelt (/lnr rozvlt/ EL-in-or ROH-z-velt; October 11, 1884 November 7, 1962) was an American political figure, diplomat, pacifist and activist. What was Eleanor Roosevelt's net worth? Her defense of the rights of African Americans, youth, and the poor helped to bring groups into government that formerly had been alienated from the political process. She is played by Gillian Anderson, and by Eliza Scanlen as young Eleanor. [268] In her 2003 autobiography Living History, Clinton titled an entire chapter "Conversations with Eleanor", and stated that holding "imaginary conversations [is] actually a useful mental exercise to help analyze problems, provided you choose the right person to visualize. She took pleasure in Hall's brilliant performance at school, and was proud of his many academic accomplishments, which included a master's degree in engineering from Harvard. As a "sundown town", like other Franklin Roosevelt towns around the nation (such as Greenbelt, Greenhills, Greendale, Hanford, or Norris), it was for whites only. Facts About Eleanor Roosevelt. "[60] At Franklin's 1933 inauguration, Roosevelt wore a sapphire ring Hickok had given her. [265] She received an Emmy nomination again the following year for her performance as Eleanor Roosevelt in the NBC television movie F.D.R. [174] During 1934, Roosevelt set a record for the most times a first lady had spoken on radio: she spoke as a guest on other people's programs, as well as the host of her own, for a total of 28 times that year. The couple spent a preliminary honeymoon of one week at Hyde Park, then set up housekeeping in an apartment in New York. After this traumatic event, Eleanor was afraid of ships and the sea all her life. [41] She also considered herself ill-suited to motherhood, later writing, "It did not come naturally to me to understand little children or to enjoy them". In the last decade of her life she continued to play an active part in the Democratic Party, working for the election of Democratic presidential nominee Adlai Stevenson in 1952 and 1956. [155] "I am no believer in paternalism. [109] In the 2014 survey, Roosevelt and her husband were also ranked the highest among first couples in terms of being a "power couple". Mindful of his political career and fearing the loss of his mothers financial support, Franklin refused Eleanors offer of a divorce and agreed to stop seeing Mercer. "[238], The Eleanor Roosevelt Monument in New York's Riverside Park was dedicated in 1996, with First Lady Hillary Clinton serving as the keynote speaker. "You have been a rare wife and have borne your heavy burden most bravely," he said, proclaiming her "one of my heroines".[19]. Franklin D. Roosevelt had an inflation-adjusted net worth of $60 million. [35], The couple were married on March 17, 1905, in a wedding officiated by Endicott Peabody, the groom's headmaster at Groton School. Eleanor Roosevelt was 13 years into her marriage in 1918. [135] In 1936 she became aware of conditions at the National Training School for Girls, a predominantly Black reform school once located in the Palisades neighborhood of Washington, D.C. [136] She visited the school, wrote about it in her "My Day" column, lobbied for additional funding, and pressed for changes in staffing and curriculum. [90][91], Also in 1927, she established Val-Kill Industries with Cook, Dickerman, and Caroline O'Day, three friends she met through her activities in the Women's Division of the New York State Democratic Party. She was ranked the second-highest in the remaining category (public image) behind only Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis. Due in part to the success of these programs, Val-Kill was given a $75,000 grant and named one of 12 sites showcased in Restore America: A Salute to Preservation, a partnership between SAT, the National Trust and HGTV. [32] The two began a secret correspondence and romance, and became engaged on November 22, 1903. Eleanor Roosevelt (1884-1962) was the niece of former US president Theodore (Teddy) Roosevelt, and First Lady to her husband, . The award was presented from 1998 to the end of the Clinton Administration in 2001. [85], Following the onset of Franklin's paralytic illness in 1921, Roosevelt began serving as a stand-in for her incapacitated husband, making public appearances on his behalf, often carefully coached by Louis Howe. [130], Later commentators generally described the Arthurdale experiment as a failure. Doris Kearns Goodwin stated in her 1994 Pulitzer Prizewinning account of the Roosevelts that "whether Hick and Eleanor went beyond kisses and hugs" could not be determined with certainty. Seagraves concentrated her career as an educator and librarian on keeping alive many of the causes Roosevelt began and supported. She had not initially favoured the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA), saying it would take from women the valuable protective legislation that they had fought to win and still needed, but she gradually embraced it. [16], Roosevelt had two younger brothers: Elliott Jr. and Hall. It was one of the most traumatic events in her life, as she later told Joseph Lash, her friend and biographer. Speaking of the NYA in the 1930s, Roosevelt expressed her concern about ageism, stating that "I live in real terror when I think we may be losing this generation. Beginning in 1941, she co-chaired the Office of Civilian Defense (OCD) with New York City Mayor Fiorello H. LaGuardia, working to give civilian volunteers expanded roles in war preparations. Income Source. [26] Roosevelt's first cousin Corinne Douglas Robinson, whose first term at Allenswood overlapped with Roosevelt's last, said that when she arrived at the school, Roosevelt was " 'everything' at the school. [79][80] When she became co-owner of the Todhunter school in New York City, a limited number of Jews were admitted. [157] Inspired by her relationship with Hickok, Roosevelt placed a ban on male reporters attending the press conferences, effectively forcing newspapers to keep female reporters on staff in order to cover them. [121] She hoped the project could become a model for "a new kind of community" in the U.S., in which workers would be better cared for. including Theodore and Eleanor Roosevelt. In 1939, when the Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR) refused to let Marian Anderson, an African American opera singer, perform in Constitution Hall, Eleanor resigned her membership in the DAR and arranged to hold the concert at the nearby Lincoln Memorial; the event turned into a massive outdoor celebration attended by 75,000 people. Appointed in 1946, she served for more than a decade as a delegate to the United Nations, the institution established by her husband, and embraced the cause of world peace. He had been contemplating leaving his wife for Mercer. This work increased her sense of self-worth, and she wrote later, I loved itI simply ate it up.. She currently resides in New York City, NY. Eleanor Roosevelt came in ninth. She looked to the future and was committed to social reform. [143], In contrast to her usual support of African-American rights, the "sundown town" Eleanor, in West Virginia, was named for her and was established in 1934 when she and Franklin visited the county and developed it as a test site for families. [243] In 2007, she was named a Woman hero by The My Hero Project. Both her parents died before she was 10, and she and her surviving brother (another brother died when she was 9) were raised by relatives. Biographer Blanche Wiesen Cook writes that Miller was Roosevelt's "first romantic involvement" in her middle years. [150] At the same time, she grew so popular among African-Americans, previously a reliable Republican voting bloc, that they became a consistent base of support for the Democratic Party. Both films were acclaimed and noted for historical accuracy. [248], In 1972, the Eleanor Roosevelt Institute was founded; it merged with the Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms Foundation in 1987 to become the Roosevelt Institute. Theodore Roosevelt. [188] In August 1943, she visited American troops in the South Pacific on a morale-building tour, of which Admiral William Halsey Jr. later said, "she alone accomplished more good than any other person, or any groups of civilians, who had passed through my area. She has made such amount of wealth from her primary career as Family Member. Following the discussion, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) was created on October 16, 1945. Omissions? [154], On May 21, 1937, Roosevelt visited Westmoreland Homesteads to mark the arrival of the community's final homesteader. Theodore Roosevelt Jr. is a Celebrity Family Member, zodiac sign: Virgo. Various resources today estimate the net worth of the U.S. First Lady, Eleanor Roosevelt, . "[27] Roosevelt wished to continue at Allenswood, but she was summoned home by her grandmother in 1902 to make her social debut. | Home Guides | SF Gate", "Eleanor Roosevelt Retains Top Spot as America's Best First Lady Michelle Obama Enters Study as 5th, Hillary Clinton Drops to 6th Clinton Seen First Lady Most as Presidential Material; Laura Bush, Pat Nixon, Mamie Eisenhower, Bess Truman Could Have Done More in Office Eleanor & FDR Top Power Couple; Mary Drags Lincolns Down in the Ratings", "Ranking America's First Ladies Eleanor Roosevelt Still #1 Abigail Adams Regains 2nd Place Hillary moves from 5th to 4th; Jackie Kennedy from 4th to 3rd Mary Todd Lincoln Remains in 36th", "Eleanor Roosevelt, Hillary Clinton Top First Lady Poll", "Records of the National Youth Administration [NYA]", "Franklin D. Roosevelt, "Address to the Delegates of the American Youth Congress. Franklin Roosevelt had been conducting an affair with his wife's own secretary, Lucy Mercer. Death. Anna Eleanor Roosevelt (/lnr rozvlt/; October 11, 1884 - November 7, 1962) was an American politician, diplomat, and activist. [212], In the late 1940s, Democrats in New York and throughout the country courted Roosevelt for political office. Eleanor Roosevelts source of wealth comes from being a political wife. [citation needed] However, Bamie and Roosevelt eventually reconciled. A year later, he was appointed as Assistant Secretary of the Navy, under the tutelage of Josephus Daniels. Disillusioned, Roosevelt again became active in public life, and focused increasingly on her social work rather than her role as a wife. Johannes was a linseed oil manufacturer. Theodore was defeated by 105,000 votes, and he never forgave her. Net Worth: $1 Million - $2 Million (Approx. The award was first awarded on the 50th anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, honoring Eleanor Roosevelt's role as the "driving force" in the development of the UN's Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Eleanor Roosevelt, with Love: A Centenary Remembrance, came out in 1984. The series premiered to positive reviews and was nominated for three Primetime Emmy Awards, winning the Emmy Award for Outstanding Narrator for Peter Coyote's narration of the first episode. "Milwaukee Journal, July 10, 1934, p. 11. [86] She also started working with the Women's Trade Union League (WTUL), raising funds in support of the union's goals: a 48-hour workweek, minimum wage, and the abolition of child labor. [247], Roosevelt will be honored on an American Women quarter in 2023. She was the first presidential spouse to hold regular press conferences, write a daily newspaper column, write a monthly magazine column, host a weekly radio show, and speak at a national party convention. At this time Eleanors interest in politics increased, partly as a result of her decision to help in her husbands political career after he was stricken with polio in 1921 and partly as a result of her desire to work for important causes. [246] In 2020, Time magazine included her name on its list of 100 Women of the Year. Each year, when Roosevelt held a picnic at Val-Kill for delinquent boys, her granddaughter Eleanor Roosevelt Seagraves assisted her. At the end of the film, the narrator explains women are vital to securing a healthy American home life and raising children "which has always been the first line of defense". I do not like charities," she had said earlier. "[197] The subsequent brouhaha over the first lady's flight had such an impact it is often mistakenly cited as the start of the Civilian Pilot Training Program at Tuskegee, even though the program was already five months old. [26] Roosevelt and Souvestre maintained a correspondence until March 1905, when Souvestre died, and after this Roosevelt placed Souvestre's portrait on her desk and brought her letters with her. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. [65] Scholars, including Lillian Faderman[61] and Hazel Rowley,[66] have asserted that there was a physical component to the relationship, while Hickok biographer Doris Faber has argued that the insinuative phrases have misled historians. Kennedy appointed Roosevelt to chair the commission, with Peterson as director. Franklin D. Roosevelt Net Worth - $66 Million. So, how much is Eleanor Roosevelt worth at the age of 78 years old? In 1937 she began writing her autobiography, all volumes of which were compiled into The Autobiography of Eleanor Roosevelt in 1961 (Harper & Brothers, .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}ISBN0-306-80476-X).

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