Its believed fatigue may have contributed to the death of a 33-year-old woman who died after undergoing a BBL procedure at the hands of Dr. John Sampson Those cannulas bend, and if they bend when you put them in the buttock you have no idea where the tip of the cannula is, said Dr. Luis Rios, a board-certified plastic surgeon in McAllen, Tex., and past president of The Aesthetic Surgery Education and Research Foundation, the research, education and philanthropic arm of the Aesthetic Society. )refined petroleum consumption: 352,400 bbl/day (2019 est. (Spanish)The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information. ), total petroleum production: 756,400 bbl/day (2021 est. The Observers - The France 24 Observers is both a website and a TV show focusing on international news through the lens of amateur images. Fitch rating: BBB- (2020)Moody's rating: Baa2 (2014)Standard & Poors rating: BBB- (2017)note: The year refers to the year in which the current credit rating was first obtained. While a bill concerning the regulation of the sector is currently under consideration in the Colombian congress, there is still a long way to go. )forest: 54.4% (2018 est. More recently, growth in the oil, mining, and manufacturing sectors has attracted increased labor migration; the primary source countries are Venezuela, the US, Mexico, and Argentina. They arrived there because a friend of the family had operated there and everything had gone well. A celebrity inspired cosmetic procedure has become popular in Australia but a nurse has advised there is a reason why you shouldnt try it. Centers such as 'New Life', where the daughter of Arelys Gonzlez died, appear without complaints on the health department's website. WebAdianet Galvn, the woman who died after cosmetic surgery in Florida. (male 2,367,369/female 3,005,494), total dependency ratio: 43.5youth dependency ratio: 31elderly dependency ratio: 12.5potential support ratio: 8 (2021 est. It didnt matter: Women would travel to Turkey or South America for the surgery, where it was significantly cheaper. $9,000.00. Other patients end up in backdoor clinics because they dont know any better. Despite decades of internal conflict and drug-related security challenges, Colombia maintains relatively strong and independent democratic institutions characterized by peaceful, transparent elections and the protection of civil liberties. These quick diplomas in no way compare to a four-year programme. (Photo: El Espectador.). To sleep, Ms. Dayyani cut a hole in a lawn chair that her posterior could fit into, while also keeping her breasts lifted. The woman was in her forties when she died on August 19 in Cali, Colombias third-largest city, just three days after having surgery in a clinic in the north of The accord calls for members of the FARC to demobilize, disarm, and reincorporate into society and politics. Crude death Tracking complaints is an almost impossible mission. ), improved: urban: 100% of populationrural: 87.5% of populationtotal: 97.7% of populationunimproved: urban: 0% of populationrural: 12.5% of populationtotal: 2.3% of population (2020 est. $7,500.00. The danger, he says, is whenthe person doing the surgery drills a vein under the muscle, causing the fat to enter the blood vessels and travel to vital organs suchas the brain, lung or heart, causing thrombi that kill patients. ), improved: urban: 99.1% of populationrural: 87.7% of populationtotal: 97% of populationunimproved: urban: 0.9% of populationrural: 12.3% of populationtotal: 3% of population (2020 est. Over the past eight years, one such doctor, Ismael Labrador, has had eight patients die at clinics he has run, four from botched BBLs, USA Today and Naples Daily Journaliste Lorena Beltrn had breast reduction surgery in 2014 but it went horribly wrong, leaving huge scars on her chest. {{ scope.legend }} The technique involves removing fat from an area of the body, to pass it to the buttocks area. The lawyer also believes that legislation should change and require centers and doctors to have liability insurance. The case of Ledn was reported by Univision in February 2018, and at the time, the My Cosmetic Surgery center sent the following statement: "Due to the medical ethics regulations of the state of Florida, we can not discuss the terms and particularities of this case, and we give all of our patients the best care." ), total: 31.2 yearsmale: 30.2 yearsfemale: 32.2 years (2020 est. BBL in Colombia cost can vary depending on a number of factors, but you can expect to pay anywhere from $3,900 to $5,000 for the procedure. Experts agree that patients are obliged to investigate in whose hands they put their lives. Last August, a task force found that BBLs had a death rate of up to 1 in 3,000, the highest from any aesthetic procedure. Three days earlier, Adianet Galvn Gonzlez, 30, had They see the prices and think that they will have a good result, but they pay the final price. New York, USA "I had my ab etching done and couldnt be any happier with the result. They take everything they want and nothing happens, "says Lopez. Kizzy London traveled to Florida from Louisiana, Delma Pineda, from California, Lattia Baumeister from Illinois, Heather Meadow from West Virginia, Jasmine Smith from New Jersey, Rannika Hall from Missouri and Tola Warren from New York. (The women deny having had any surgical help. ), 90.4% of GDP (2020 est. She took a more philosophical approach: It was like, every time you get on an airplane you get a little bit nervous and theres a little bit of a risk, but you do it anyway, she reasoned. The popularity of the Brazilian Butt Lift (BBL) or lifting of the buttocks by fat transfer has skyrocketed in recent years. )permanent pasture: 34.5% (2018 est. Death rate of Colombia fell gradually from 8 per 1,000 people in 1972 to 7.7 per 1,000 people in 2021. ), Rio Negro river source (shared with Venezuela and Brazil [m]) - 2,250 km; Orinoco (shared with Venezuela [s]) - 2,101 kmnote [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth, Atlantic Ocean drainage: Amazon (6,145,186 sq km), Orinoco (953,675 sq km), the majority of people live in the north and west where agricultural opportunities and natural resources are found; the vast grasslands of the llanos to the south and east, which make up approximately 60% of the country, are sparsely populated, highlands subject to volcanic eruptions; occasional earthquakes; periodic droughts, volcanism: Galeras (4,276 m) is one of Colombia's most active volcanoes, having erupted in 2009 and 2010 causing major evacuations; it has been deemed a Decade Volcano by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to its explosive history and close proximity to human populations; Nevado del Ruiz (5,321 m), 129 km (80 mi) west of Bogota, erupted in 1985 producing lahars (mudflows) that killed 23,000 people; the volcano last erupted in 1991; additionally, after 500 years of dormancy, Nevado del Huila reawakened in 2007 and has experienced frequent eruptions since then; other historically active volcanoes include Cumbal, Dona Juana, Nevado del Tolima, and Purace, only South American country with coastlines on both the North Pacific Ocean and Caribbean Sea, Mestizo and White 87.6%, Afro-Colombian (includes Mulatto, Raizal, and Palenquero) 6.8%, Amerindian 4.3%, unspecified 1.4% (2018 est.). In Colombia, when someone has complications or dies after plastic surgery, people often say their vanity killed them as if they were responsible for what happened. Colombia experiences significant legal and illegal economic emigration and refugee outflows. The alarm bells started to ring for some surgeons after a 2015 study which looked at 19 BBL-related deaths in Colombia and Mexico over a 15-year period. )percent of population: 70% (2020 est. (FDOH), which took 8 days to complete. ), production: 11,305,086,000 cubic meters (2020 est. It is much more risky to get a procedure done by one of these doctors. However, with the recent reports of patient deaths from undergoing BBL, many have now labeled it as the most dangerous cosmetic procedure. Rhinoplasty + Breast Augmentation + Liposuction. )consumption: 8.547 million metric tons (2020 est. In spite of the sequels left to Berta Ledn by surgeries, she never received compensation for the physical or emotional damages. months in restricting the license. "Any doctor can make a face, eyelids, a lipo in his office. They are not women, they are mothers, from outside Florida who find these clinics on the Internet where there is no more information. WebDoctor: @drpena_cirujanoplasticoRecovery house: @lluxerecoveryDentist for veneers: @odontologoadriansarriaExtra FAJAS: @mscontours Typo in the video: The task force is concerned with the high mortality rate of this operation and is aggressively investigating ways to make this procedure safer. The woman was in her forties when she died on August 19 in Cali, Colombias third-largest city, just three days after having surgery in a clinic in the north of the city. "There is a more dangerous surgery than all the others, the Brazilian Butt Lift, and here in Miami more people have died than in any other part of the country," Pazmio explains. Christian 92.3% (predominantly Roman Catholic), other 1%, unspecified 6.7% (2020 est.). Sometimes, they just make the mistake of trusting a doctor who scams them with false diplomas which is what happened to me. A BBL-gone-wrong can be fatal, with a 2015 study concluding that deaths are likely caused by damage to blood vessels during surgery, which allows fat to enter the bloodstream. The reform of the law will not solve the whole problem. In Colombia, there are a lot of backdoor clinics. The popularity of the Brazilian Butt Lift (BBL) or lifting of the buttocks by fat transfer has skyrocketed in recent years. WebBattle-related deaths (number of people) - Colombia from The World Bank: Data There are also major issues with corruption in this sector. This factor could have weighed on the death of Kizzy London in 2017, a woman of 40 years, who traveled from Baton Rouge, Louisiana, to become a BBL in the center 'Jolie Plastic Surgery', one of the best known and largest in Miami . The small waist, the nice, beautiful hips.. Experts agree that patients are obliged to investigate in whose hands they put their lives. Join the conversation, you are commenting as. )from consumed natural gas: 20.662 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est. Personally, I am doing much better since I had corrective surgery in February. WebBBL, Lipo: Overall my experience in Colombia was fantastic! Every year, many Colombians apply to medical schools offering a speciality in aesthetic procedures. In spite of the sequels left to Berta Ledn by surgeries, she never received compensation for the physical or emotional damages. For example, the 'New Life' center, where Adianet Galvn operated, offers a BBL with financing for several years paying 30 dollars a week, or a liposuction paying 25 dollars a week. ), Colombian pesos (COP) per US dollar -3,743.59 (2021 est. , indicates that at least ten cases of this type arrive to him the week, but prefers not to take them, because they know that it has all the to lose. WebRhinoplasty + Breast Augmentation. as it happened to Adianet Galvn. France 24 is not responsible for the content of external websites. Univision asked to speak with Orlando Llorente, the certified surgeon who operated Galvn, but he did not accept an interview. {{ scope.credits }} ), definition: age 15 and over can read and writetotal population: 95.6%male: 95.4%female: 95.9% (2020), total: 14 yearsmale: 14 yearsfemale: 15 years (2020), total: 26.4%male: 21.9%female: 32.8% (2021 est. )exports: 0 cubic meters (2020 est. "We are in limbo, because neither the health department nor the business regulation department are in charge," he said. In the entire state there are 629 licenses of this type, with prices much lower than those obtained in other states. )-7.05% (2020 est. How do you know if you get 1,000 or 4,000 ml? This is not a state problem. ASAPS has now backed a new patient safety task force to investigate the risks and improve patient safety of the increasingly popular procedure in Australia. In all places they assured that none of the surgeries involved risks. "I never imagined that something like this could happen in the US. Interestingly, while this procedure has been done for decades, it wasnt recognised as risky until recently, Dr Papadopoulos said. WebPlastic & Reconstructive Surgeon.Salud y belleza Miembro de SCCPCali/Colombia drharoldpazcirujano@gmail.com+573187017557 . "It happens in Miami, but this is a national problem. )$52.653 billion (31 December 2019 est. The cause of death is emboli-globules of fat that inadvertently enter the gluteal veins and swiftly make their way up to the heart and lungs, causing patients to arrest and die usually in the operating room during the procedure or in the recovery room shortly after, Dr Papadopoulos said. By 2020, deaths associated with Brazilian butt lifts had dropped to approximately 1 in 15,000, according to a study published in the Aesthetic Surgery Journal. Carlos Camargo, Ten died after a fat transfer in the buttocks, and Galvan is one of them. Everything was in vain, and I'm in the United States, where the laws are supposed to be fulfilled. His wounds became infected and he spent months with the gaps left by the operation on his body torso. What Gonzlez and Galvn ignored is that, far from being perfect,the laws in the state of Florida do not protect people who undergo this type of surgery, and the lack of regulations promotes the proliferation of these centers, which have multiplied in recent years. Orlando Llorente, the doctor who operated it, assured Gonzlez that her daughter would be fine. )tide and wave: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est. That makes it a really lucrative and attractive field for medical students. The content you requested does not exist or is not available anymore. By law, you can only take 1,000 ml of fat, but how can you control this? ), urban population: 82.4% of total population (2023)rate of urbanization: 1.01% annual rate of change (2020-25 est. The report, which he gave exclusively to Univision, cites as cause of death, "complications in liposuction and in the procedure of fat transfer from his own body.". )imports: 403.146 million cubic meters (2020 est. A 2020 follow up study found that 94 percent of doctors are aware of the recommendations. With a BBL, fat is injected into the buttocks with a cannula, or long metal tube. 0-14 years: 22.45% (male 5,663,590/female 5,413,209)15-64 years: 66.66% (male 16,066,724/female 16,820,068)65 years and over: 10.89% (2023 est.) Galvn's surgery was on June 4, 2018, but it was not until seven months after her mother received the report from the Miami-Dade medical examiner that she confirmed something she already suspected: Adianet died as a result of the surgery. She went from a G Cup to a double D, and her stomach is flat. According to the International Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery (ISAPS), Colombia ranks No. ), deforestation resulting from timber exploitation in the jungles of the Amazon and the region of Choc; illicit drug crops grown by peasants in the national parks; soil erosion; soil and water quality damage from overuse of pesticides; air pollution, especially in Bogota, from vehicle emissions, party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whalingsigned, but not ratified: Law of the Sea, particulate matter emissions: 15.24 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est. ), degree of risk: high (2020)food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrheavectorborne diseases: dengue fever, malaria, and yellow fevernote: widespread ongoing transmission of a respiratory illness caused by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is occurring throughout Colombia; as of 9 December 2022, Columbia has reported a total of 6,323,357 cases of COVID-19 or 12,427.27 cumulative cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 population with a total of 141,943 cumulative deaths or a rate 278.96 cumulative deaths per 100,000 population; as of 25 November 2022, 82.68% of the population has received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine, total: 4.09 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est. )biomass and waste: 1% of total installed capacity (2020 est. You should ask to see before-and-after photos and ask for patient references, he said. )investment in fixed capital: 22.2% (2017 est. Dr. Pat Pazmio, president of the Association of Plastic Surgeons of Miami, assures that these women die for a specific technique that they have identified, and that some continue to practice right and left, especially in Florida. That is the only thing that will give me peace. Medelln, Colombia "Dr. Garca is such a great professional, I am very pleased with my hair implant surgery. The owner of the place accused the forensic doctors of inventing the result of the autopsy. See also the television reports of this work: according to the Florida Department of Health, The lawyer Percy Martinez, expert in cases of medical malpractice, This is how the Florida law leaves unprotected thousands of women who seek perfection with the scalpel, There will be more controls and punishments for cosmetic surgery centers if a law reform is approved in Florida. Only in Miami-Dade County there are 112 places with cosmetic center license. The womans daughter said that her mother went into the operating room at 9am that morning and came out at 5pm. This association has also warned about the dangers of this procedure, which they consider20 times more risk than any other cosmetic surgery. Because thats what it is: Dead fat. In none of the sites the reporter was seen by a doctor. WebNEAR DEATH EXPERIENCE AFTER BBL IN COLOMBIA | MUKBANG WITH MY SURGERY SISTER !! )exports: 69.861 million metric tons (2020 est. However, its complications have thrust it into the medical spotlight and plastic surgeons across the world have expressed deep concerns over its increasing popularity. "In many cases, the doctors who perform cosmetic procedures go to a course for a weekend and begin to operate,"warns Pazmio. The surgeon just has to maintain intense focus and concentration., Yet people are still dying, most notably at chop shops: low cost, high-volume centers typically found in Las Vegas, Los Angeles and Miami with doctors who may not be board-certified or even surgeons. The segment was called Building the Brazilian Butt, and a moniker was born. And there is a high demand for these procedures. I literally have abs now, she said. Dr Papadopoulos says every BBL-related death is caused by bits of fat (or emboli-globules) which enter the blood stream and clog up the patients heart. Inspired by bootylicious celebrities and social media stars such as the Kardashians, Jennifer Lopez and Beyonce, the risky operation has raised alarms after a number of complications and number of deaths. )imports of goods and services: -19.7% (2017 est. The popularity of cosmetic procedures has led to the development of an unsafe industry in Colombia, complete with unqualified doctors and underground establishments, where the drive for profit wins over the health and safety of the patients. Last May, the Colombian Constitutional Court also ruled that young people could start getting plastic surgery at the age of 14, as long as they had parental permission. By law, no doctor in the state is required to have insurance against risk. )2.53% (2020 est. Death toll in Colombia's mass protests reportedly rises to 26 05:27. ), revenues: $83.35 billion (2017 est. (The authors proposed that the procedure should be called Safe Subcutaneous Buttock Augmentation instead.). They arrived there because a friend of the family had operated there and everything had gone well. "It happens in Miami, but this is a national problem. According to Google keyword data, BBL was searched roughly 200,000 times per month between January and May 2021. ), total subscriptions: 7,248,026 (2020 est. "This happens because there are doctors who use dangerous techniques and do not understand anatomy, because they are not plastic surgeons.". This woman was the eighth person in Cali to die from complications related to plastic surgery since the beginning of the year. Many women go to doctors without the proper qualifications or to backdoor clinics because they are often much cheaper. This is far from an isolated case last year alone, 30 people died in Colombia after undergoing plastic surgery. Even with these lesser degrees, they are able to get licensed to carry out plastic surgery in Colombia with the blessing of the Ministry of Education. Beltrn launched a campaign on social media in 2016, demanding increased regulation of the field of plastic surgery. Centers such as 'New Life', where the daughter of Arelys Gonzlez died, appear without complaints on the health department's website. For example, many of them offer combo surgeries: for a cheaper price, theyll do multiple surgeries in one go. (A viral video on TikTok showed a woman screaming in agony while allegedly getting massages post-BBL.) Three days earlier, Adianet Galvn Gonzlez, 30, had undergone fat transfer buttock surgery, popularly known as Brazilian Butt Lift (BBL), at the New Life Surgery center, located on Miami's 8th Street. )$733.546 billion (2019 est. )other: 8.1% (2018 est. In the entire state there are 629 licenses of this type, with prices much lower than those obtained in other states. We see hundreds of cases like that, but there is no way to recover money," he insists. God bless you" L.M.O. I cant wear some of my old clothes because my booty doesnt fit through my pants. Batting (30 Players) Table; Rk Name Yrs From To ASG G PA AB R H 2B 3B HR RBI SB CS BB SO BA OBP SLG OPS WAR Birthdate Debut Birthplace Pos; 1: Jorge You, too, should stay informed on the issue, and when consulting with doctors, dont hesitate to question their approach.. I just wanted to look like I hit the gym an extra bunch.. "They made her sign some papers, but they never asked her if she spoke English, and they never told her about the risks," says Gonzlez, who acknowledges that neither she nor her daughter conducted an exhaustive search of the doctor, the center or the type of operation. Plus, she didnt have any underlying health conditions. Univision asked to speak with Orlando Llorente, the certified surgeon who operated Galvn, but he did not accept an interview. He suggested a breast reduction ($7,400) and a gluteal enhancement, or Brazilian Butt Lift (BBL), for $9,190 plus anesthesia and facility fees. A Brazilian plastic surgeon named Ivo Pitanguy is credited with pioneering the procedure in the 1960s. Photo: Camilo Rozo. It was not until the month that a doctor saw me, "says Ledn. )3.19% (2019 est. A patient might get liposuction, breast implants and a nose job on the same day. note: data are in current year dollars, United States 27%, China 20%, Mexico 7%, Brazil 6% (2019), refined petroleum, cars, broadcasting equipment, packaged medicines, corn (2019), $58.019 billion (31 December 2021 est. These women, all victims of botched plastic surgery, told their stories to the daily newspaper El Espectador. $10,500.00. {{ scope.counterText }} )subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 15 (2020 est. Berta Ledn, a woman from Miami, underwent in 2017 a liposuction type 'Tummy tuck' and a neck surgery, which was complicated and left completely disfigured. USA Today and Naples Daily News reported. However, there are qualified doctors who offer these services for affordable prices even for members of the middle class. The NBC 6 investigations on BBL deaths prompted a plastic surgery task force to investigate the procedure, which recommended doctors avoid penetrating the notes that the woman had two perforated veins, where fat could enter and then traveled to the lung and brain, causing at least one thrombus, and causing brain death. To find a suitable surgeon search through the Australasian Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgeons Member Database. 80% of the deceased women cited in this work traveled to South Florida from other states or countries, attracted by the huge offer, tempting prices and payment facilities. By law, no doctor in the state is required to have insurance against risk. I dont want to have crazy features. Valls is forbidden to do that technique, but continues practicing others in the center Jolie, who did not have any sanctions for the death of London. For Pazmio the problem begins with the law and medical professionals. In the case of Galvn, the doctor who operated it was a certified plastic surgeon. ), municipal solid waste generated annually: 12,150,120 tons (2011 est. Valls is forbidden to do that technique, but continues practicing others in the center Jolie, who did not have any sanctions for the death of London. For example, last year, a government official working with the Ministry of Education was indicted for taking bribes in exchange for licensing around 40 different medical professionals. )$51.324 billion (2019 est. Dr Papadopoulos said any patients interested in the procedure should research and trust only FRACS-qualified Specialist Plastic Surgeons at accredited and licensed facilities or hospitals. At least two British fatalities have been traced to a clinic in Izmir, Turkey. Dr. These emboli are unique to the buttock area, as fat injections in the breast, face and thighs dont produce this same phenomenon. Because of political violence and economic problems, Colombia received limited numbers of immigrants during the 19th and 20th centuries, mostly from the Middle East, Europe, and Japan. )nuclear: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est. Dangers of a Brazilian butt lift. Its also one of the deadliest. Don't have an account? In 2020 alone, there were 40,320 buttock augmentations, which include both implants and fat grafting, reports the Aesthetic Society. ), 14.34% (2021 est. Not just any animated character, not Wilma Flintstone or Betty Rubble, but a rabbit. ), 11.508 million BOGOTA (capital), 4.102 million Medellin, 2.864 million Cali, 2.349 million Barranquilla, 1.381 million Bucaramanga, 1.088 million Cartagena (2023), at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female0-14 years: 1.05 male(s)/female15-64 years: 0.96 male(s)/female65 years and over: 0.79 male(s)/femaletotal population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2023 est. In the wake of the paramilitary demobilization, illegal armed groups arose, whose members include some former paramilitaries. The surgery enhanced my hourglass figure, she said. In the case of Galvn, the doctor who operated it was a certified plastic surgeon. Audience ratings certified by ACPM/OJD. But it can be difficult for doctors to know where exactly theyre injecting; they have sometimes mistakenly injected fat into the gluteal muscle, or right below it. A DANGEROUS butt procedure has a higher death rate than any other and Aussie women are being warned to think carefully before committing to it. After researching many plastic surgeons in Colombia I decided to do my second round Lipo/BBL with Dr Harold Paz. About 30,000 cases have been recorded over the last four decadesalthough the number is likely to be much higherincluding human rights activists, trade unionists, Afro-Colombians, indigenous people, and farmers in rural conflict zones. A 2017 report also noted at least 25 fatalities in the United States in the preceding five years. She also had to get lymphatic massages for a week after the procedure to drain extra liquid in the body. )9.96% (2019 est. Concerned about the mortality rate, in 2018 the American Society of Plastic Surgeons (ASPS), the American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery and the International Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery, among others, formed the Task Force for Safety in Gluteal Fat Grafting, to develop safety guidelines around the procedure. These women, all victims of botched plastic surgery, told their stories to the daily newspaper El Espectador. Arelys Gonzlez says that she went with her daughter to the first appointment in 'New Life Surgery'. We havent even begun to see the cosmetic disasters of people walking around with moonscape buttocks, one cheek bigger than the other.
Why Does My Great Pyrenees Stare At Me,
Augustine Ramirez Greatest Hits,
Hazardous Area Classification Zone 0, 1, 2,
Kerry Sophia Kennedy Townsend,
Articles C
