what was true about the gulf of tonkin incident

The Maddox called in air support from a nearby carrier, the Ticonderoga. What was true about the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution? In 1964, the American government claimed that American naval ships had been attacked in territorial waters in the Gulf of Tonkin. How did the United States respond to the independence movement in Vietnam? He reported later, "I had the best seat in the house to watch that event and our destroyers were just shooting at phantom targetsthere were no PT boats there . Both houses of Congress passed the resolution on August 7, the House of Representatives by 414 votes to nil, and the Senate by a vote of 88 to 2. The Turner Joy had not detected any torpedoes during the entire encounter, and Herrick determined that the Maddox's operators were probably hearing the ship's propellers reflecting off her rudder during sharp turns.12 The destroyer's main gun director was never able to lock onto any targets because, as the operator surmised, the radar was detecting the stormy sea's wave tops. After this was reported to Washington, Robert McNamara urged President Johnson to retaliate. Next, the best we have as Robert McNamara deemed him, General William Westmoreland was appointed the commander of operations in Vietnam in April of 1964. And why were highly skilled seamen and technicians from the Norwegian Navy involved? Furthermore, the evidence suggests a disturbing and deliberate attempt by Secretary of Defense McNamara to distort the evidence and mislead Congress. All of his policy decisions, foreign and domestic, were considered through the prism of the November vote. Have interviewed witnesses who made positive visual sightings of cockpit lights or similar passing near MADDOX. Answers: 3. The Maddox, on patrol in the area but probably unaware of the raids that had taken place, observed torpedo boats sent out in pursuit of the South Vietnamese vessels and thus withdrew, but it returned on August 1. It was in fact a more detailed report about the action on August 2, and there had not actually been an attack on August 4. Commissioned in 1959, she spent her entire career in the Pacific. The Gulf of Tonkin incident (Vietnamese: S kin Vnh Bc B), also known as the USS Maddox incident, was an international confrontation that led to the United States engaging more directly in the Vietnam War. Own ship screw noises on rudders may have accounted for some. . She recruited volunteers from among the Union prisoners held at And following 24 hours after that with this destroyer in the same area undoubtedly led them to connect the two events. You must include thesis statement, 4 body paragraphs and other reading and a conclusion to wrap up your debate "17, McNamara considered the report, coupled with Admiral Sharp's belief the attack was authentic, as conclusive proof. All of the following are true about the Gulf of Tonkin incident and the ensuing resolution EXCEPT, Served as justification for the assassination of Ngo Diem, U.S. troops massacred hundreds of civilians, In the 1968 election, Lyndon Johnson decided. Decommissioned in 1982, she is now a museum ship in Bremerton, Washington. The Vietnam War: A Concise History. 21. In large part due to the passage of this resolution, American forces became even more deeply mired in the Vietnam War. The Maddox and Turner Joy moved out to sea, but both reported that they were tracking multiple unidentified vessels approaching their positions. No actual sightings by "Maddox". And six decades ago, so the histories of those years have it, a small group of Norwegian seamen were entangled in a presidential deceit that led to an earlyand bloodyturning point in the Vietnam war. The destroyer was retiring to the south. Lyndon Johnson on August 5, 1964, assertedly in reaction to two allegedly unprovoked attacks by North Vietnamese torpedo boats on the destroyers Maddox and C. Turner Joy of the U.S. Sign up to get updates about new releases and event invitations. They used a questionable report of a North Vietnamese attack on American naval vessels to justify the president's policy to the electorate and to defuse Republican senator and presidential candidate Barry Goldwater's charges that Lyndon Johnson was irresolute and "soft" in the foreign policy arena.30, For his part, McNamara never admitted his mistakes. All of the following are true about the Gulf of Tonkin incident and the ensuing resolution EXCEPT Served as justification for the assassination of Ngo Diem Resulted from a minor naval conflict The Johnson administration distorted the incident to provide a pretext for escalating American involvement in Vietnam The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution effectively launched America's full-scale involvement in the Vietnam War. External sources are not required for the short papers. OB. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Although the U.S. destroyers were operating more than 100 miles from the North Vietnamese coastline, the approaching vessels seemed to come at the ships from multiple directions, some from the northeast, others from the southwest. In exchange for Lee's surrender, Grant offered And then, two days later, on August 4, the Johnson administration claimed that it had been attacked again. But once-classified documents and tapes released in the past several years, combined with previously uncovered facts, make clear that high government officials distorted facts and deceived the American public about events that led to full U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War. Updates? le "tourisme plage" est une ide dpasse (. 20. President Johnson signed it on August 10, giving the executive far greater power to conduct military operations, without a declaration of war, than had ever been granted before. Other vital intercepts mysteriously disappeared. Here are 10 you may or may not be familiar with that turned out to be true. Unlike much else that followed, this incident is undisputed, although no one from the US government ever admitted publicly that the attack was likely provoked by its covert actions. The admiral added that he was trying to get information and recommended holding any order for a retaliatory strike against North Vietnam until "we have a definite indication of what happened. Subscribe now and never hit a limit. 13. 23. Suggest complete evaluation before any further action taken.. "28, Johnson himself apparently had his own doubts about what happened in the Gulf on 4 August. Seventh Fleet in the Gulf of Tonkin on August 2 and August 4, respectively. There were a number of key events in the Gulf of Tonkin Incident: The USS Maddox was sent to support the South Vietnamese mercenaries. The Gulf Tonkin Incidents were the pretext for President Johnson to create and ultimately pass the Gulf Tonkin Resolution, which ultimately allowed the US to escalate the Vietnam War (also known as the Second Indochina War) into a large-scale war. 2. (21) This ensures that they carry out that prime directive of all hangers-to render the clothing wrinkled and unfit for wearing in public. More than 40 years after the events, that all changed with the release of the nearly 200 documents related to the Gulf of Tonkin incident and transcripts from the Johnson Library. Reply. Fog of War - Gulf of Tonkin Resolution Vietnam War - In the mid-1950s, the U.S. intervened militarily in Vietnam, beginning what has been called a "crisis in slow motion." Americans convinced that the fall of South Vietnam to Communism would eventually result in the "fall" of all of Southeast Asia, believed this war was an effort to prevent North Vietnam from unifying North and . Violent anti-war protests erupted at Kent State and Jackson State College after the news media reported that American troops had invaded Cambodia.. Historians have long suspected that the second attack in the Gulf of Tonkin never occurred and that the resolution was based on faulty evidence. 384, enacted August 10, 1964, was a joint resolution that the United States Congress passed on August 7, 1964, in response to the Gulf of Tonkin incident . What should have stood out to the U.S. leadership collecting all the data of these attacks was that, with the exception of the battle report, no other SIGINT "chatter" was detected during the attacks on 4 August. What initially sparked the 1973 energy crisis? The United States denied involvement. . Gulf of Tonkin incident, complex naval event in the Gulf of Tonkin, off the coast of Vietnam, that was presented to the U.S. Congress on August 5, 1964, as two unprovoked attacks by North Vietnamese torpedo boats on the destroyers Maddox and Turner Joy of the U.S. Several hours later, Captain John Herrick of the Maddox, after reviewing the events, sent the message, Review of action makes many reported contacts and torpedoes fired appear doubtful. for Confede a woman's right to choose in the first trimester. adhereaffinityalliterationamateuramicableamorousanimositycohereconfinecongregationdefinitivedegenerateelucidateengenderfinalefluentgregariousinherentliteraryluminary\begin{array}{lllll}\text { adhere } & \text { affinity } & \text { alliteration } & \text { amateur } & \text { amicable } \\ \text { amorous } & \text { animosity } & \text { cohere } & \text { confine } & \text { congregation } \\ \text { definitive } & \text { degenerate } & \text { elucidate } & \text { engender } & \text { finale } \\ \text { fluent } & \text { gregarious } & \text { inherent } & \text { literary } & \text { luminary }\end{array} Still other targets appeared from the east, mimicking attacking profiles of torpedo boats. 1 What was true about the Gulf of Tonkin incident? While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Tensions heightened in the Tonkin Gulf. That report had been misinterpreted, however. You can specify conditions of storing and accessing cookies in your browser, president Johnson acted before all the facts became known. Three patrol craft attacked a security garrison at Cua Ron (the mouth of the Ron River) and a radar site at Vinh Son, firing 770 rounds of high-explosive munitions at the targets.8 North Vietnamese installations had been attacked four separate times in five days. In his award-winning 2003 video memoirs Fog of War, he remained unapologetic and even bragged of his ability to deceive: "I learned early on never answer the question that is asked of you. 18. Paula March 1, 2023 at 16:24 . CIA Director John McCone answered matter-of-factly, "No, the North Vietnamese are reacting defensively to our attacks on their offshore islands . Answer the question that you wish had been asked of you. All of the following are true about the Gulf of Tonkin incident and the ensuing resolution EXCEPTa. On 4 August 1964 two U.S. destroyers were again in the middle of the Gulf of Tonkin. The papers, more than 140 of them classified top secret, include phone transcripts, oral-history interviews, signals intelligence (SIGINT) messages, and chronologies of the Tonkin events developed by Department of Defense and NSA officials. All of the enemy boats were heading northwest at about 40 knots, two in front of the third by about a mile. The Maddox, with its superior firepower and better defenses easily thwarted the attack. HOPE THIS HELPS YOU. But the reports were false and the president knew it. The Tonkin Gulf Resolution portrayed U.S. motives as maintaining peace and security in Asia, . Five months ago that teamworkabout which we still know very littleresulted in the destruction of two pipelines, on orders of President Biden, with international implications yet to be determined. What power did the Gulf of Tonkin give the President? Finally, as part of his strategy to aid South Vietnam without sending in high numbers of troops, Johnson approved more covert operations against North Vietnam. 1964 promised to be a volatile year in an already charged arena. The opinions expressed within the documents in both releases are those of the authors and individuals interviewed. None of these communications occurred on the night of 4 August. For more on this topic see the following: Grand Delusion: U.S. Strategy and the Tonkin Gulf Incident, The Secret Side of the Tonkin Gulf Incident. This was true from this first airstrike when two American aircraft were shot down during Pierce-Arrow. And why were highly skilled seamen and technicians from the Norwegian Navy involved. The incident was utilized by the Johnson Administration to publicly justify and escalate military operations in the region. voters who did not agree with noisy protests such as those of the 1968 Democratic National Convention. Seventh Fleet and that led to the Gulf of Tonkin. The simple answer is that the Norwegian Navy has a long and murky history of cooperation with American intelligence. According to Hanyok, "SIGINT information was presented in such a manner as to preclude responsible decision makers in the Johnson Administration from having the complete and objective narrative of events of 04 August 1964."24. At all. The Gulf of Tonkin incident in August 1964 proved to be America's key entry point to war in Vietnam. On the night of July 3031, 1964, South Vietnamese commandos attacked North Vietnamese radar and military installations on Hon Me and Hon Ngu islands in the Gulf of Tonkin. The simple answer is that the Norwegian Navy has a long and murky history of cooperation with American intelligence. What are the main structures of the systemic system? Pat Bauer graduated from Ripon College in 1977 with a double major in Spanish and Theatre. Fog of War: Eleven Lessons from the Life of Robert S. McNamara, directed by Errol Morris, Sony Pictures, 2003. Si une phrase est fausse, corrigez-la. That night, the South Vietnamese staged more OPLAN 34A raids. . Lieutenant Commander Paterson is a foreign area officer and former history instructor at the U.S. The Gulf of Tonkin incident is the name given to two separate confrontations involving North Vietnam and the United States in the waters of the Gulf of Tonkin. Documents and tapes released in 2005 and 2006 provided new insights into the 2 August 1964 attack on the USS Maddox (DD-731) by three North Vietnamese patrol torpedo boats (above) and established that there was no follow-up attack against the destroyer, along with the USS Turner Joy (DD-951), on the night of 4 August. Omissions? The alleged attacks on August 4th against the USS Maddox and USS Joy were the basis for escalating the United States' involvement in Vietnam, but those attacks never occurred. The next day, the Maddox resumed her Desoto patrol, and, to demonstrate American resolve and the right to navigate in international waters, President Lyndon B. Johnson ordered the USS Turner Joy (DD-951) to join the first destroyer on patrol off the North Vietnamese coast. Resulted from a minor naval conflict c. The Johnson administration distorted the incident to provide a pretext for escalating American involvement in Vietnam d. Hanyok, "Skunks, Bogies, Silent Hounds," p. 3. On the afternoon of August 2, 1964, three North Vietnamese torpedo boats clashed with the American destroyer Maddox (DD-731) patrolling the coast. Nearly 200 documents the National Security Agency (NSA) declassified and released in 2005 and 2006, however, have helped shed light on what transpired in the Gulf of Tonkin on 4 August. At the end of July 1964, MACV-SOG assaulted North Vietnamese installations on the coast of North Vietnam in the Gulf of Tonkin. Was the Gulf of Tonkin Incident true? (APEX) Did the gulf of Tonkin incident happen? Johnson did not want to anger American voters by putting US servicemen in harms way, but he was conscious of the fact that if he did nothing he would be labeled soft on Communism by his Republican opponents. H. R. McMaster, Dereliction of Duty (New York: Harper Collins, 1997), p. 129. Congress concluded that it had been caused by China. Calls between the Joint Chiefs of Staff; the National Military Command Center; headquarters of the Commander in Chief, Pacific; and Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara were frequently exchanged during the phantom battle. C. Turner Joy, on two separate occasions in the Gulf of Tonkin, a body of . When asked by a reporter if he knew of any confrontations between the South and North Vietnamese navies, he responded: "No, none that I know of. The United States was playing a dangerous game. Johnson and his advisers had approved retaliatory strikes on North Vietnamese naval bases as soon as the reports of the apparent attack of August 4 came in. On August 2, 1964 the USS Maddox was on DEOSTO Patrol in international waters off North Vietnam. However, it is important to put what we do know into context. However the human race LOVEs . The following night, August 3 three more MACV-SOG vessels attacked targets on the mainland of North Vietnam. Moreover, some intercepts were altered to show different receipt times, and other evidence was cherry picked to deliberately distort the truth. The USS Maddox destroyer, which was the U.S. ship involved in the Gulf of Tonkin incident, shown in the 1960s. Another reporter pressed the issue, "Do these [patrol boats] go north, into North Vietnamese waters?" Hanyok, "Skunks, Bogies, Silent Hounds," p. 13. Examine the Tonkin Gulf Resolution which granted president Lyndon Johnson power to make war, This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/event/Gulf-of-Tonkin-Resolution, The History Learning Site - Gulf of Tonkin 1964, Ohio History Central - Gulf of Tonkin Incident. One pilot was killed, Richard Sather, and another was captured, Everett Alvarez, who was held in Hoa Lo Prison, better known as the Hanoi Hilton, for eight years. . D. food and medical care What was true about the Gulf of Tonkin incident? 30. 31. 2. Johnson, leaning heavily on the same team of advisors that Kennedy had appointed, did not approve of the troop build-up that many were calling for, but kept the increase of American personnel relatively modest. The North Vietnamese were oblivious to the confusion it would generate. Executive Sessions of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Historical Series, version XVI, Washington: Government Printing Office, 1988, p. 293. Torpedo boats and fuel storage facilities were destroyed. It's a very good rule."31. and In addition to the difficult detection conditions, the Maddox's SPS-40 long-range air-search radar and the Turner Joy's SPG-53 fire-control radar were both inoperative.9 That night, Herrick had the two ships move out to sea to give themselves maneuver space in case of attack. The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution or the Southeast Asia Resolution, Pub. On 3 August, the CIA confirmed that "Hanoi's naval units have displayed increasing sensitivity to U.S. and South Vietnamese naval activity in the Gulf of Tonkin during the past several months." 4 At the same time, the Vietnamese navy was undertaking a mission under the oversight of the U.S. Department of Defense to attack radar stations, bridges, and other such targets along North Vietnams coasts. Opposed Vietnamese independence and supported French attempts to retain its colonial control. The North Vietnamese boats attacked with torpedoes and machine gun fire. 1 See answer Advertisement mahak08 President Jonson took these claims to Congress which subsequently passed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution. 132 (01 Dec 2005). McNamara instead declared that "our Navy played absolutely no part in, was not associated with, was not aware of, any South Vietnamese actions, if there were any. . . On an audio tape from the Johnson Library declassified in December 2005, he admitted to the President the morning after the attacks that the two events were almost certainly connected: And I think I should also, or we should also at that time, Mr. President, explain this OPLAN 34-A, these covert operations. Pierce-Arrow was a limited airstrike on North Vietnamese targets on August 5, 1964. The Gulf of Tonkin incident is considered a false flag ope. The destroyers were sent to the area in 1964 in order to conduct reconnaissance and to intercept North Vietnamese communications in support of South Vietnamese war efforts. The Truth About Tonkin. Freak weather effects on radar and overeager sonarmen may have accounted for many reports. Five months ago that teamworkabout which we still know very littleresulted in the destruction of two pipelines, on orders of President Biden, with international implications yet to be determined. We sacrificed two comrades but all the rest are okay. She hired former Confederate soldiers to gather information from From two boats, South Vietnamese commandos fired machine guns and small cannon at the island's radar and military installations. "23, Relying on faulty and misinterpreted intelligence about the 4 August incident, an overanxious President Lyndon B. Johnson ordered retaliatory U.S. air strikes, which he announced to the American public at 2336 Washington time that night.Lyndon Baines Johnson Library, The historian also concluded that some of the signals intercepted during the nights of 2 and 4 August were falsified to support the retaliatory attacks. Updates? Non-subscribers can read five free Naval History articles per month. A myriad of issues confronted the new president, not the least of which was the ongoing crisis in Vietnam. 26. Quoted in Robert McNamara's In Retrospect, (New York: Vintage, 1996) p. 133. Reduce the president's ability to wage war without congressional consen But several hours later he forwarded his doubts about what had happened up the chain of command.Naval Historical Center.

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