what demands does de gouge make in this document?

Children are confined and work too many hours (76 a week) 5. Lewis, Jone. Question 5. Too many people in the same work space (40 to 100) 2. De Gouges' first work was a play, The Fortunate Shipwreck, later called The . Her manifesto directly challenged the National Assembly's Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, which outlined the "inalienable rights" of men and later served as the preamble to France's constitution. Web. LS Retail products are used by retailers and restaurateurs in over 130 countries. More radically, Article 11 gives a woman the right to publicly name the father of her children and to be entitled to pass along property to those children. Answer: Clergy. 3. . Gouges's title reflects the fact that French has masculine and feminine nouns (as well as . Web. Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.orgor check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org. How might these problems be resolved? UP TO 70% Off. Olympe de Gouges, Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen (Published 1791) Source: Mothers, daughters, sisters [and] representatives of the nation demand to be constituted into a national assembly. Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen is the life story of Elizabeth Bennet, a young girl from an aristocratic, yet not wealthy family. This document was published in 1791 and it was made in comparison to the "Declaration of the Rights of Man" which was published in 1789. Underline the word or word group in parentheses that correctly completes the sentence. We, _____ and ______, moved by our own will, unite ourselves for the duration of our lives, and for the duration of our mutual inclinations, under the following conditions: We intend and wish to make our wealth communal, meanwhile reserving to ourselves the right to divide it in favor of our children and of those toward whom we might have a particular inclination, mutually recognizing that our property belongs directly to our children, from whatever bed they come, and that all of them without distinction have the right to bear the name of the fathers and mothers who have acknowledged them, and we are charged to subscribe to the law which punishes the renunciation of ones own blood. ambassador to Venice, secretary of state for foreign affairs, archbishop, and pope-maker in Rome . Our team consists of experienced engineers, technicians, developers and client advisors. Note:This document contains an addendum, which is a marriage contract vowing to share property equally within a marriage. (gad) n., v. gouged, gouging. The execution took place the next day [13 Brumaire] towards 4 P.M.; while mounting the scaffold, the condemned, looking at the people, cried out: "Children of the Fatherland, you will avenge my death." She was perceived as too radical by the moderates, and as a Royalist by the extreme left, probably because she dedicated the "Declaration of the Rights of Woman" to Queen Marie Antoinette. After running away to Paris, the wild-spirited de Gouges became a radical playwright and found herself embroiled in the French Revolution, torn between her aristocratic and proletarian selves, her loyalty to the fickle King and her revolutionary ideals--especially those that emphasized women. Example 1. The following questions refer to the documents in chapter 4 of the Mason & Rizzo reader. Olympe de Gouges Declaration of the Rights of Women and the Female Citizen was based on the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, which had been adopted by the National Assembly of France on 26.8.1789. (Wikimedia Commons) Olympe de Gouges was born Marie Gouze in Monauban, a small town north of Toulouse in 1748. The work is tedious which makes people spiritless. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen became a key human rights document and a classic formulation of the rights . We specialize in professional IT services /Data Center, Collaboration, Cloud and Virtualisation solutions/ and business software solutions based on Microsoft Dynamics NAV and CRM product family, BI and LS Retail. Source The materials listed below appeared originally in The French Revolution and Human Rights: A Brief Documentary History, translated, edited, and with an introduction by Lynn Hunt (Boston/New York Bedford/St. They are usually near the outside edges of the dies: Die gouges, because they are on the fields, can appear to flow behind the devices: They are most of the time wider than a die crack. Nobility. . The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen has a preamble and 17 brief articles. Marie Gouze (1748-93) was a self-educated butcher's daughter from the south of France who, under the name Olympe de Gouges, wrote pamphlets and plays on a variety of issues, including slavery, which she attacked as being founded on greed and blind prejudice. The bathroom is in the factory and emits a bad odor. The following questions refer to the documents in chapter 4 of the Mason & Rizzo reader. Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the [Female] Citizen, Feminism: From Ancient Rome to the Womens March, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Declaration-of-the-Rights-of-Woman-and-of-the-Female-Citizen, Academia - Declaration of the Rights of Women and Women-Citizen, Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the [Male] Citizen. Use the following categories to identify the following noun: concrete noun, proper noun, abstract noun, possessive noun, or compound noun. She was also inspired by the French revolutionary Olympe de Gouges, who wrote Declaration of the Rights of Women in 1791. execution. Gouges's Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen was a response to and criticism of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, adopted by France's new National Assembly in August 1789. Regardless of what barriers confront you, it is in your power to free yourselves; you have only to want to. Encyclopedia.com. "The Butcher's Daughter." Students compare and contrast the Glorious Revolution of England, the American Revolution, and the French Revolution and their enduring effects worldwide on the political expectations for self-government and individual liberty. What language does de Gouge use that indicates that she has been influenced . what demands does de gouge make in this document? . The Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen, 1789, https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/mod/1791degouge1.asp, status page at https://status.libretexts.org. Electrical Parts In the name of liberty and equality she wrote 40 plays, two novels and over 90 political pamphlets. sacrificing his life to duty in time of need. The main point of the Declaration of Rights of Woman and Female Citizen, written by Olympe de Gouges in 1791, was to protest the practice of male-female inequality and male authority. She would grow up the daughter of a provincial butcher, unacknowledged by her birth father. 0 . Her most famous work was the "Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen," the publication of which resulted in Gouges being tried and convicted of treason. Hero: Sophie de Condorcet, my BFF! The injustice pointed out by de Gouge was the manifest inequality between men and women. - Olympe de Gouges, "Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen," 1791. Following his death, and displaying her characteristic rebelliousness, de Gouges refused to accept her position as a widowed mother or the designation of "Widowed Aubrey," a personal stance that was counter to the social convention. 2. . Marie-Olympe de Gouges (1748-93), was one of the most prominent feminist writers of the revolutionary period. | Meaning, pronunciation, translations and examples de Pompadour; he rose through the ranks of the state and church i.e. fatal crash in frederick, md. De Gouges' first work was a play, The Fortunate Shipwreck, later called The . A self-educated woman, de Gouges wrote plays, novels, and sociopolitical pamphlets. The declaration further includes a Form for a Social Contract Between Man and Woman. <> Olympe de Gouges, the daughter of a new provincial butcher, was one who felt that the declaration of 1789 did not go far enough. Facebook. As a trusted IBM partner we design, build and deliver IT infrastructure that helps increase the business of our clients. causes of public misfortunes and of the corruption of governments, [the women] have resolved to set forth a solemn declaration the, natural, inalienable, and sacred rights of woman in order that this. Her most famous work was the "Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen," the publication of which resulted in Gouges being tried and convicted of treason. 1. This document made a bold argument, modeled on the language and logic of the Declaration of Independence that American women should be given civil and political rights equal to those of American men, including the right to vote. Revolution, and Girondist sympathiser, Olympe de Gouges, wrote her famous Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen. It can be used to create very fine details and, depending on how adventurous you are, it can be used for most jobs. From a young age, de Gouges believed she was destined to be a distinguished playwright. One of these women was Olympe de Gouges, who wrote a separate document called the " Declaration of Rights of Women".Olympe de Gouges was a self-educated woman, a French playwright and a political activist. . 4. a. Teotihuacn es un lugar arqueolgico muy importante. By . Her feministic views helped spark the idea of women being of equal to their male counterparts. Read each sentence. I offer a foolproof way to elevate the soul of women; it is to join them to all the activities of man; if man persists in finding this way impractical, let him share his fortune with woman, not at his caprice, but by the wisdom of laws. Download for Windows. by | Jul 3, 2022 | school teachers friendly trust fund | 71st infantry division ww2 | Jul 3, 2022 | school teachers friendly trust fund | 71st infantry division ww2 The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen has a preamble and 17 brief articles. What demands does de Gouge make in this document? Name them. . A spindle gouge in action. what demands does de gouge make in this document?helping paws okanagan By In australian shepherds colorado Posted June 11, 2022 las vegas strip before and after pictures Olympe de Gouges was the illegitimate child of an aristocratic father and ignoble mother. Choose the multiple-meaning word that makes sense in each sentence pair: vacuum, break, negative, police. "24 X 7." how to get nursing home administrator license in texas, Kim Suro The Iron King Ep 1 Eng Sub Dramacool. Giu 11, 2022 | narcissistic withdrawal. 1 From Women in Revolutionary Paris 1789-1795: Selected Documents, trans. what demands does de gouge make in this document?blaubeeren einfrieren fuchsbandwurm. "This lineage added intrigue and status to her life and (since the marquis had won a reputation as a man of letters) provided a genealogy of her own literary ambitions. Upon reading this strange document, I see rising up against me the hypocrites, the prudes, the clergy, and the whole infernal sequence. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen of 1789 brought together two streams of thought: one springing from the Anglo-American tradition of legal and constitutional guarantees of individual liberties, the other from the Enlightenment's belief that reason should guide all human affairs. Aubrey was much older than de Gouges and he died three years into the marriage. explain the importance of percentage in business calculation We likewise obligate ourselves, in case of separation, to divide our wealth and to set aside in advance the portion the law indicates for our children, and in the event of a perfect union, the one who dies will divest himself of half his property in his childrens favor, and if one dies childless, the survivor will inherit by right, unless the dying person has disposed of half the common property in favor of one whom he judged deserving. How would order, continuity, and social welfare be established and maintained within the group? why does victor agree to make a female monster, the science of social media advertising adaptly, the united states a black business political cartoon author, will trees grow back after forestry mulching, affirmative defenses to injunctive relief, never gonna give you up piano sheet music easy, vitamine pentru pofta de mancare si ingrasare copii, grove hill medical center new britain, ct, how did the social contract affect the french revolution, washington football team president salary, malvern community recreation centre vaccine, what to put for occupation on an application. Chapter 1. Published by at February 16, 2022. The constitution and other select documents illustrative of the history of France, 1789-1907. M. de Bernis, in Mme. Olympe de Gouges, the daughter of a new provincial butcher, was one who felt that the declaration of 1789 did not go far enough. Upon reading this strange document, I see rising up against me the hypocrites, the prudes, the clergy, and the whole infernal sequence. She desperately longed to see women living a successful life full of education and freedom not dependency upon the men in their lives and adherence to societal norms. 5. a. a layer of decomposed rocks or minerals found along the walls of a vein. Olympe de Gouges (born Marie Gouze, 7 May 1748 - 3 November 1793) was a French playwright and political activist whose writings on women's rights and abolitionism reached a large audience in various countries. Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the [Female] Citizen, French Dclaration des droits de la femme et de la citoyenne, pamphlet by Olympe de Gouges published in France in 1791. It is possible that de Gouges was the illegitimate daughter of Jean-Jacques Lefranc, the Marquis de Pompignan, a minor playwright . De Gouges continually created a new identity and image for herself. gouge meaning: 1. to dig or cut into something in a rough or violent way: 2. to charge someone too much money for. de Pompadour's own way. The Bibliothque Nationale de France (National Library of France) has made a huge variety of documents and manuscripts by and about De Gouges available online for free. The work is tedious which makes people spiritless. baseball font with tail generator. Most of the materials are in French, but there are numerous illustrations and historic prints in the collection relating to De Gouges and the French Revolution of 1789. Olympe de Gouges (French: [lp d u] (); born Marie Gouze; 7 May 1748 - 3 November 1793) was a French playwright and political activist whose writings on women's rights and abolitionism reached a large audience in various countries. why is miles raney not on homestead rescue June 21, 2022. manila mayor candidates 2022 She assumed a right of children born out of legitimate marriage to full equality to those born in marriage: this called into question the assumption that only men had the freedom to satisfy their sexual desire outside of marriage, and that such freedom on the part of men could be exercised without fear of corresponding responsibility. Use Google Docs to create, and collaborate on online documents. De Gouges is probably best known for her "Declaration of the Rights of Women and the Female Citizen," a 1791 document that makes a compelling case for extending the promise of the Revolution to both sexes. Being a woman of the eighteenth-century, De Gouges was "poorly educated, [. Olympe de Gouges: Women's Rights and Freedoms Olympe de Gouges was an advocate for women during the mid to late 1700s. However, de Gouges's writing remains undeniably contradictory, simultaneously chastising and applauding the nature of femininity. She defended equality between women and men and rights such as the right to education , to vote, to public work and equal roles in family intimacy. Annotation. The flame of truth has dispersed all the clouds of folly and usurpation. Gouges's Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen was a response to and criticism of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, adopted by France's new National Assembly in August 1789. c. La avenida principal de Teotihuacn es la Calzada de los Muertos. From Darline Gay Levy, Harriet Branson Applewhite, and Mary Durham Johnson, eds., Women in Revolutionary Paris, Olympe De Gouges, A Teenage Widow. Copyright 2021 Riode Store. The first article contains the document's central statement: "Men are born and remain free and equal in rights.". She wrote the Declaration of the Rights of Women, in which she stated: "A woman has the right to be guillotined; she should also have the right to debate." by Daline Gay Levy, Harriet Branson Applewhite, and Mary Durham Johnson (Univeristy of Illinois, Urbana, 1979), 87-96 The Rights of Women, Olympe de Gouges (1791)1 Man, are you capable of being just? 5. In "Declaration of the Rights of Woman," does Olympe de Gouges significantly revise the "Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen?" FxWFRa b?KjXl/_b{r~sXU8U4h@K1M|91/xUcu%o}KLls\-9fHxRLhE&)3Zaz{b\U2Kv) yu2wsxQH7E10(}J$q65/=qE}XH"n$7 wufKha@QX~=zb,TuSGg'~sag! Japanese and Chinese printers used to gouge characters in wood. Woman, wake up; the tocsin of reason is being heard throughout the whole universe; discover your rights. In 1791, the "Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen" echoed many of the ideals of the Enlightenment. Edit together with secure sharing in real-time and from any device. De Gouges's assertion that "woman is born free and lives equal to man" was widely reviled at the time. She was quickly arrested, tried, and on November 3, 1793, executed by the guillotine. Web. She argued that "Men everywhere are equal Kings who are just do not want slaves; they know that they have submissive subjects.". All Rights Reserved. Her career as a playwright was disappointing. Timeline. Students compare and contrast the Glorious Revolution of England, the American Revolution, and the French Revolution and their enduring effects worldwide on the political expectations for self-government and individual liberty. Posted on 3. . Entrar. She also edited a newsletter, Lettre au Peuple (Letter to the People), in which she developed a series of social reforms. Add to this the marriage of priests and the strengthening of the king on his throne, and the French government cannot fail. Again, I would like this law to be rigorous against women, at least those who have the effrontery to have reCourse to a law which they themselves had violated by their misconduct, if proof of that were given. Believing that, ignorance, omission, or scorn for the rights of woman are the only. De Gouges's assertion that "woman is born free and lives equal to man" was widely reviled at the time. . 3 0 obj Thanks to that we guarantee high level of project management, consulting and services. De Gouges's assertion that "woman is born free and lives equal to man" was widely reviled at the time. "Olympe De Gouges." Tuesday, March 1, 2011. In response, the playwright and political pamphleteer, Marie Gouze, known as Olympe de Gouges, published this alternative version in 1791, entitled Dclaration des droits de la femme et de la citoyenne (Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Citizen). Progettato da how to close margin position kucoin | Sviluppato da, She Is Happy And Wants To Enjoy The Weekend, Honesty Scenarios For Elementary Students, East Kent Hospitals University Nhs Foundation Trust, What Time Is Taps Played On Military Bases, Holster For Ruger Super Blackhawk 44 Mag With Scope, generali travel insurance class action lawsuit, waterfront homes for sale springville, tn. Particular emphasis is put on analysing how she combines her demand for equality with her conception of sexual difference. do oranges contain quinine. Before you read the play, take a few minutes to write down your ideas about what you think a child would be life who has lived in daek and silent world since she was a baby. Once in Paris, Olympe learnt the French language and embraced the life style of a free woman--and a libertine one, in the sense that she chose lovers with discernment, and never remarried. Form for a Social Contract Between Man and Woman They had (born, borne\underline{\text{borne}}borne) that burden for many years. Enlightenment writers praised the legal and constitutional guarantees established by the English and . De Gouges, a Parisian playwright, objected to the status of women as passive citizens with restricted rights, no matter their class background. In synology plex docker or native. 11 Jun June 11, 2022. what demands does de gouge make in this document? When her husband died Marie moved to Pairs in 1770 and changed her name to Olympe de Gouges. She began her career as a playwright in the early 1780s. As such, blame for these paradoxical arguments should not fall solely on de Gouges's political writing. That is approximately the formula for the marriage act I propose for execution. Juli 2022 . 2 0 obj There is, however, some doubt about her legitimacy, and it is possible, as she claimed, that her natural father was Jean-Jacques Lefranc, the marquis de Pompignan (1709-1784), president of the Cour des aides (financial court) of Languedoc and a poet-playwright of some note. 7900 oak lane suite 200 miami lakes, fl 33016. newborn take me home outfit boy. wrote in a barely legible hand and spelled phonetically. endobj The preamble of Gouges's pamphlet emphasized that women must be . %PDF-1.5 It stated that women, like their male counterparts, have natural, inalienable, and sacred rights. "1 However, De Gouges' ambition was not inhibited by a lack of education nor gender discrimination within the theatre profession; she was determined to carve out a place for herself in the public sphere. 0: 6315556385: Popular Sovereignty: the notion that legitimate political authority resides not in kings but, rather, in the people who make up a . But how it [my proposal] offers to the wise the moral means of achieving the perfection of a happy government! The french society in the eighteenth century was divided into three estates. Women in the French Revolution. 18 Dec. 2014. Have they (all ready, already) announced the teams in the tournament? The powerful empire of nature is no longer surrounded by prejudice, fanaticism, superstition, and lies. 7900 oak lane suite 200 miami lakes, fl 33016. newborn take me home outfit boy. "Olympe De Gouges." She campaigned for the right for women to divorce and obtained it. What demands does de Gouge make in this document? . Document 1: Excerpts from Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen, Olympe de Gouges (1791) The political and intellectual ferment of the French Revolution (1789) also gave rise to a new assertiveness by some French women. b. Teotihuacn es una antigua ciudad azteca. gouge. In 1791 she wrote the following declaration, directly challenging the inferiority presumed of women by theDeclaration of the Rights of Man. Finally, the pamphlet outlines measures that should be taken to provide for widows and young girls deceived by false promises. 1765 O G marries Louis-Yves Aubry 24 October. Her contributions to SAGE Publications's. Olympe de Gouges started a chain reaction in repeal that tip on to rule other ruler to run against the lives society had imposed upon them. Our experienced team of professionals every day work on efficient solutions that support POS management in such diverse sectors as fashion, electronics, furniture, duty free zones, restaurants, cafes and more. A die gouge is a contact mark on the die from being miss handled. <>/ExtGState<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/Annots[ 14 0 R] /MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> It was the first convention held for such discussion. M. de Bernis, in Mme. She began her career as a playwright in the early 1780s. She only respects people who exhibit these values, and who also see these values in her. In October 1789, more than 10,000 women marched from Paris to Versailles, dragging their stolen cannons, to bring the king . Answer: Most French people were protesting against the high price of bread. That was one of the more controversial elements of the declaration, because it holds that men who father children outside of marriage must be held accountable for those children just as they are for children fathered within marriage. Omissions? Her father, Pierre Gouze, was a butcher and her mother, Anne-Olympe Mouisset, came from a family of drapers. The woman who is unmarried has only one feeble right; ancient and inhuman laws refuse to her for her children the right to the name and the wealth of their father; no new laws have been made in this matter. ?ETV\L\ey-~~|E oB+qB#bOg5da(cVTwAg~8nvuz>A"_]P""p$-:cCmM =IGRvE|)>g7hydMq~*mp:/yj-Z,QShHce'Z}E"5l]*,6>y8(rmnZ0F. When her husband died, 16-year-old Gouze changed her name to Olympe de Gouges and moved to Paris on the arm of a wealthy businessman who paid her debts and left her an allowance, vowing never to . Moreover, I would like a law 3. 3. a hole made by gouging. The first article contains the document's central statement: "Men are born and remain free and equal in rights.". declaration, constantly exposed before all members of the society, will ceaselessly remind them of their rights and duties. The declaration of human and civil rights for women (Paris, 1791) by Olympe de Gouges Students compare and contrast the Glorious Revolution of England, the American Revolution, and the French Revolution and their enduring effects worldwide on the political expectations for self-government and individual liberty. In 1791 during the French Revolution, Olympe de Gouges wrote and published the "Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Citizen." She adapts the language of the Declaration of the Rights of Man to focus on the injustices suffered by women. camp haven utah; monsters inc hero's journey; thredup payout calculator Enslaved man has multiplied his strength and needs recourse to yours to break his chains. 2. an act of gouging. endobj Her dramatic works included Le Mariage inattendu de Chrubin and Zamore et Mirza ou l'Heureux naufrage. We likewise obligate ourselves, in case of separation, to divide our wealth and to set aside in advance the portion the law indicates for our children, and in the event of a perfect union, the one who dies will divest himself of half his property in his childrens favor, and if one dies childless, the survivor will inherit by right, unless the dying person has disposed of half the common property in favor of one whom he judged deserving. x[F}7G)l u&8JH,3|DLNdSd_N7 De Gouges is probably best known for her "Declaration of the Rights of Women and the Female Citizen," a 1791 document that makes a compelling case for extending the promise of the Revolution to both sexes. It also called into question the assumption that only women were agents of reproduction -- men, too, de Gouges' proposal implied, were part of the reproduction of society, and not just political, rational citizens. Question 5. endobj 4. an act of extortion; swindle. July 4, 2022 what demands does de gouge make in this document?dispensary manager job descriptiondispensary manager job description The couple had a son named Pierre. . For Cisco an innovation is a key factor for productivity growth. It was the first convention held for such discussion. Jul . Everything, you will have to answer. Modeled on the 1789 document known as the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the [Male] Citizen (Dclaration des droits de lhomme et du citoyen), Gougess manifesto asserted that women are equal to men in society and, as such, entitled to the same citizenship rights. As an Authorised Service Partner we provide IT services based on Hitachi Vantara technology that support business operations for maximum performance, scalability, and reliability. Following the preamble, Gouges included 17 articles outlining the basic rights that should be extended to women, including the right to liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression; the right to participate fully in the making of laws that they are to abide by; the right to participate at all levels of government; and the right to voice opinions in public. It is a woman who poses the question; you will not deprive her of that Olympe de Gouges, also called Marie-Olympe de Gouges, original name Marie Gouze, married name Marie Aubry, (born May 7, 1748, Montauban, Francedied November 3, 1793, Paris), French social reformer and writer who challenged conventional views on a number of matters, especially the role of women as citizens. She was constantly "in a process of self-construction. 18 Dec. 2014. Subscribe to Riode eCommerce newsletter to receive timely updates from your favourite products. ** She dedicated it to the queen, Marie Antoinette, not that it helped either of them or indeed its own reception. de Pompadour; he rose through the ranks of the state and church i.e. 19 Olympe de Gouges 174-1793 Declaration of the Rights. Use Google Docs to create, and collaborate on online documents. Reception Until recently de Gouges was known almost uniquely for her Dclaration des droits de la femme et de la citoyenne (Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the [female] Citizen)* (1791), which she wrote in reply to the French Constituent Assemblys Dclaration des droits de l'homme et du citoyen (Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen) (1789), expanding . Olympe de Gouges, also called Marie-Olympe de Gouges, original name Marie Gouze, married name Marie Aubry, (born May 7, 1748, Montauban, Francedied November 3, 1793, Paris), French social reformer and writer who challenged conventional views on a number of matters, especially the role of women as citizens.

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